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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: METHANE HYDRATES

Try this topic, be of wide current research, but would continue to use this imitating CO2 gas hydrate, but less so than oil, because it has properties similar to natural.Considero gas, which is an alternative for the futuroincierto Oil:




Methane hydrates are a potential source of energy, which is becoming increasingly important given the gradual depletion of energy resources of the planet. Carbohydrates consist of crystalline inclusion compounds (clathrates) of water and methane ice-like, where water molecules form a three dimensional structure (host) that hosts inside the molecule of methane (host). Type composition would consist of 5.75 molecules of water surrounding a methane molecule. Their training takes place at low temperatures (< 0ºC) y presiones moderadas o altas. Los yacimientos de hidratos de metano se encuentran en las plataformas continentales de los mares y océanos, y el manto de las zonas árticas. Intervalos típicos de formación de hidratos de metano son profundidades entre 280 – 4000 m, temperaturas entre 273 (280 m) y 296 K (4000 m), y presiones entre 4,14 (280 m) y 41,4 MPa (4000 m).
The interest of methane hydrates as an energy resource is evident by the presence of methane in its composition. It is the cleanest fossil fuel to the environment due to its high H / C with a growing aplicabilidade not only as fuel but also as a chemical feedstock. Moreover, the potential volume available for methane hydrates is enormous. It is estimated that there are some approximate reserves of methane hydrates as 13,000 Tm3 (T (tera ) = 1012) while the existing capacity of conventional methane deposits is estimated at 180 Tm3. Also, the total volume of methane hydrates indicated approximately twice the rest of fossil fuels worldwide. Their geographical distribution is also interesting because it is a resource less concentrated than oil and natural gas today. The sites recorded to date are in the Arctic and offshore platforms from almost all continents, with a greater number of countries could have direct access to this energy source.
Obtaining methane from hydrates thereof raises a number of technical problems. A first problem is related to the appropriate detection and quantification of deposits. The preferred method is to carry out seismic reflection profiles, particularly in the procedure called BSR (Bottom Simulating Reflector "simulated reflection of the fund"), which distinguishes between different geological layers of the substrate depending on their degree of acoustic impedance . Once detected the site, also interested in determining the nature of the mineral deposits which is normally associated with exploration and extraction of samples in situ. The methane hydrate reservoir may consist of a large separate bag or rather (and this is the most common situation), presented occupying the spaces between the different sedimentary layers. The importance of sediment should not be underestimated since it is easier the extraction of methane hydrate in the sediment if the grain is coarse rather than fine. In the latter case requires more time and financial effort is considerably higher. Also, the chemical nature of the sediment affects the hydrate crystal habit and ease of nucleation and crystallization, and thus its potential decomposition. One line of research currently under development and very interesting laboratory is to determine the stability intervals (Pressure, temperature, composition, diffusion) of methane hydrates in different porous media and chemical composition. In this way, we can determine the kinetics of formation / decomposition and the potential catalytic effect of impurities. These data are of extraordinary value in order to assess the real potential for exploitation of the deposit.
However, the main economic problem is the extraction of methane from its hydrate for separation and subsequent use. Both are the direct heating or depressurization. The first alternative is considered the most feasible from an economic point of view and seems to be already being implemented in a field in Siberia. The second route requires heating the reservoir, which can be done by introducing a heating agent (steam). However, the high depths at which to drill (> 300 m) make feasible the application of heat directly from the surface to the bottom of the site due to energy losses occurring during transport. An ingenious solution to this problem and could make a viable alternative to direct heating is suggested by the American company, Precision Combustion. This company has developed a boiler that could be introduced directly into the field, generating enough heat to melt releasing methane hydrate. The boiler incorporates a proprietary catalytic combustion based on a platinum catalyst, which allows controlled burning at low temperature in the reservoir (by the presence of catalyst). According to his calculations, the boiler would consume only 15% of methane released to heat, the economic balance being 50% more favorable than the possibility of introducing heat directly from the surface. The company also claims that this technology would remove CO2 from the environment and kidnap in the reservoir of methane hydrate. The reasons they provide is the greater stability of CO2 hydrate in relation to the methane exist even at higher temperatures. Also, the heat of formation of CO2 hydrate (exothermic) is greater than the heat of dissociation of methane (endothermic), being possible the ability to "hijack" or storing the CO2 generated during combustion and even enter from the surface . However, the company notes that the technique has been developed in the laboratory and is still under real technical operation. As you can see, the existing volume of methane hydrates and shortages of energy resources has become the medium term research on mining techniques in a field with a brilliant today and present.

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WHAT IS THE SYSTEM USED BY BFS?

The energy in one cubic meter of our system is equivalent to the energy in a million cubic meters of seawater. "

SL Bio Fuel Systems has developed a process based energy converter three elements: solar energy, photosynthesis and the electromagnetic field. This process allows for bio-oil, comparable to fossil fuels.

SITE Thanks to your system (Integrated System for Energy Transfer), BFS is able to obtain a high rate of biomass production and do so continuously.

SITE system is based on the generation of complete cycles of transfer and transformation of electromagnetic energy in chemistry which allows production of bio-oil and by-products, with the uptake of CO 2 , continuous and independently. Moreover, only consume salt water for its operation and is self-generating energy, which can be obtained directly using urban and industrial waste.

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BFS has developed a CO2 fixation process

For the production of bio-oil, BFS uses the excess carbon dioxide (CO 2) produced by industrial activity or by generating energy, either for consumption, so that not only does not pollute, it helps to clear the air.

The carbon dioxide emission is reduced significantly and there are no sulfur emissions, which is crucial to prevent acid rain and contribute to limiting the greenhouse effect and achieve the objectives set by the Kyoto protocol.

Thus, BFS is the only system capable of reducing the greenhouse effect is real, and recycling, emissions of CO ₂ derived from its production and reduces CO 2 already in the atmosphere.

Bio Fuel Systems not only produces bio-oil, but its production covers the full range of fuels of hydrocarbons, in addition to cellulose, silicates, many other sub-products ...

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WHO IS BIO FUEL SYSTEMS? BASES OF THE SYSTEM

Bio Fuel Systems is a 100% English company, based in Alicante, established in 2006. Is the result of a research project developed over three years by a team of scientists and engineers, in collaboration with the University of Alicante.

Focus on the development of bio-oil through phytoplankton (marine biomass), has dedicated its resources to developing a system to mass production and sustainable development of the bio-oil commercial scale in response to the growing demand for renewable energy. The result was the first bio-oil that exists today, and the creation of the first bio-oil production plant in Alicante (under construction).

BFS has achieved a power conversion system that allows mass production and sustainable development of existing bio-oil first in the world. This is a new source of energy, like oil, with all its products and benefits, but without its drawbacks:

· not increase emissions of CO 2 but reduces it.

· _{SO 2 contributes not} .

· is virtually free of harmful side products found in fossil oil.

BFS Based on what we called "Super seaweed (algae strains of naturally occurring but later adapted and modified to present a high rate of reproduction and production compounds energy), BFS obtains much higher biomass than those obtained with any other system which uses terrestrial crops (palm, sunflower, rapeseed) and conventional photo-bioreactor, which ensures high efficiency of system. This bio-oil substitutes 100% traditional oil, without being mixed with it to be used in any application.

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microalgae production

Criteria for the selection of species of micro algae
Basically the reactions and equations of photosynthesis oxidative stress is common to most terrestrial plants and marine, but the uniqueness of the BFS system is that, agencies using waste no time in forming any kind of structure (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, etc.., etc.) non-productive from the standpoint of trophic (not performed or do not with equal intensity, the Calvin cycle). Celled exactly the condition makes the individual can be considered more or less directly productive (as a unit), simply because the concentration of energy (or directly usable) can be expressed as an absolute percentage of the individual.
The above singularity can not reflect it (At least in absolute terms) in any other agency does not meet the condition of single-celled. Discosphaera
tubifera is another heterococolitofórido that forms part of marine phytoplankton. As all of them a very efficient body of CO2 fixation, and the production of fatty compounds to maintain their buoyancy.
The biomass production system developed by BFS and energy in cooperation with the University of Alicante is a pioneer to base its strategy on the following characteristics:
1. Gets the energy resources of the base of the aquatic food chain, an area that accounts for 100% of incoming energy (unicellular autotrophs).
2. The bodies are the most efficient use, energy, the total life on Earth. Uses only single-celled autotrophs Preferred Player mitotic (asexual).
3. Prioritize the use of phytoplankton species with the surface / volume ratio (r2/r3) favored. Scavenging efficiency of light, nutrient and CO2 is higher.
4. For optimal use the CO2 production that occurs in all agricultural, industrial, livestock and human activities in general. IS THE ONLY ENERGY PRODUCTION PROCESS OF COMPOUNDS THAT DOES NOT INCREASE AND effectively reduce the atmospheric concentration of CO2
5. All products which may be obtained from BFS production process are useful, sustainable, clean and economical. Our final residue tends to "0." Basically

develop eukaryotic microalgae cultures in photobioreactors vertical cylindrical. This system allows us to accumulate up to 3 m3 of water per m2 production area occupied. Compared to conventional systems, arranged in horizontal pipes, there is a noticeable difference in the amount of water collected per m2. Usually in conventional systems are not exceeded 150 to 250 l / m 2, which when compared to the output range of 1.0 to 3.0 g / l of dry biomass per day, the output gap is between 12 and 20 times higher than other systems of microalgal biomass production.


The most important factor is the election system of microalgae. As a general rule we demand that the species we will use a set of criteria or conditions that we consider essential: a.

Universality. We used phytoplankton species of wide geographic distribution. This means that the species will be eurythermic, and generally resistant to weather conditions oscillating. This criterion is vital in latitudes with pronounced seasonality. B.
Particularity. When we ask facilities in geographic areas with extreme weather (very hot or very cold climates generally homeothermic) work with native species. C.
r-strategists. We normally use opportunistic species survival strategy known as type r. ecology They are especially effective and efficient uptake of nutrients and light. When used in intensive crops respond well (high reproductive rate) in aqueous non-limiting from the nutritional point of view, and control / limit the development of microalgal and bacterial populations unwanted crops. D.
Euryhalinity. Euryhaline preferably selected with a high degree of tolerance to fluctuations salinity. In an intensive than the ha, especially in latitudes with marked seasonality is difficult and costly to ensure stability in the salt concentration of the system (especially in carbonate salts). E.
Wide tolerance to photoinhibition. We use species that are not usually overly sun-loving and than shadow tolerating, but for most areas with marked seasonality and the breeder is a character heliofilia. F.
Surface / volume ratio (S / V or r2/r3). Species normally use less than 10.0 microns in ø Cell. Work preferably in the range: 1.0 - 5.0 microns of cell ø. They are more efficient in capturing light and nutrients. G.
Holoplanktonic. Strictly planktonic species. Less possibility of fouling (adhesions).
h. Minimum Value calorimeter 4000 cal / gr. Normally we select those that are in the range of 5,000 to 5,700 cal / gr. I.
Division rate of 0.5 - 1.5 div / day. J.
Resistance to physical systems of culture: The culture is always in continuous flow, and crop species pass and pass through different stages pulldown very aggressive mechanical point of view: a.
Pumping Systems / Drive
b. Antifouling systems
c. D.
Filtration Systems K.
extraction systems High tolerance levels O2 high. Cultivated species are photosynthetically active, and thus produce large amounts of O2, it usually is toxic above 14 mg / l.
l. High tolerance to high concentrations of CO2 and NOx. The culture was performed using combustion gases at concentrations of between 8 to 18% CO2 and up to 70% NOx.
When we talk about biofuels derived from living organisms, especially of autotrophs (99.9% of total), we can not help thinking of crops. Basically these are of two types: a.
Carried herbaceous. Sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, etc. Maximum 2 YEAR crops, and usually a. B.
Carried tree. Palma, Olive, Castor, Avocado, etc. Except in the case of ricin (2 years) the remaining exploitable plant trees usually need 4 years to give the first fruit (only part exploitable).

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ION EXCHANGE RESINS IN THE PURIFICATION OF BIO-FUELS

oils obtained from various natural sources, by chemical reaction can form methyl esters, which have suitable properties, both physical and chemical, for use as fuel.

This process entails the use of one or several purification steps in three stages namely:

1. Purification of the raw material which, being of origin naturally brings undesirable compounds that affect the reactions and subsequent processes.
2. biodiesel purification obtained, which should be removed traces of water, glycerin, and others that remain after the process of getting this to meet the standards and requirements of diesel engine combustion.
3. treatment products such as glycerol, to balance the remaining cost of the process.

common technology in these processes as distillation, phase separation and other possibilities can be implemented, however the process resins This significantly improves ion exchange refining step for ease of use, because it is a continuous process for regenerating used used in the reaction steps, low power consumption and other advantages that make for this technology is more efficient .

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Opinion and Conclusions

We focused more on biodiesel because it is a subject of extensive current research, and also the search for new energy alternatives to help reduce pollution caused mainly by fossil fuels make this discipline a useful tool to improve global environmental conditions. And the steady depletion of fossil fuels leads to the study and search for new energy alternatives.

As we have seen, this involves a reorganization of agriculture, perhaps a change of use of land to grow corn. Soybean, palm and other crops to be used for this process. Studies indicate that many crops that replace others, eg grass and corn to produce ethanol generates an imbalance in the uptake of CO2 as the grass absorb more CO2 than corn, and this would be in the atmosphere, thus increasing its concentration, and as we know CO2 is the main accuser of so-called "greenhouse effect." As would have to choose properly the land for this purpose, and in many cases to enable land, but there is a catch, but government policies to build dams and irrigation works. One should also take into account the social economic impact, the sense of competition from products: plant products for industry or the consumer? This would create shortages, price rises and social unrest as a result. So what should be prioritized is the product for direct consumption, or minimize competition as this product.

A very good alternative presents Dr. Cristian Gomis Catalá, Spain, representative from Bio Fuel Systems (BFS), who asserts that the planting of agricultural products is not a solution to the problem or is it a short-term solution to a problem long term. The latter suggests that the solution in the micro algae, as seen hay. Biomass for biodiesel would be obtained from these micro algae to produce we must design a system where CO2 is injected in this way can reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, this is an interesting proposition.

In our country we must thank M.Sc. Samanamud Carla Aguilar, who heads the research of micro algae, and raises the production mechanisms.
Methane hydrates also be an important energy source in the future.

Much remains to be done to improve the environment of our planet and as men become aware of it, will be surprising results.

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Nanotechnology: science driving new creations in the service environment

in the global village we have spoken several times of nanotechnology and its future applications. In the near future potential applications for nanotechnology are truly amazing. However, today I would like to discuss nanotechnology in a less known but is the more necessary today: energy.

Our society is based on a percentage too high in oil and its derivatives, a limited resource that sooner or later end up exhausted. This leads to the next stage of technological development: The energy problem. One of the great challenges facing humanity: to find a clean, cheap and self-sufficient.

When we think of energy, always thought big: large turbines, large power plants, large dams, large tankers ... However, we see that there are other possible ways to the energy problem: Nanotechnology could be one of them!

Nanotechnology: potential energy and environmental solution


particular focus
3 basic materials of the nanotechnology, linked not only to organic processes but intended to reduce environmental problems:

1. Carbon nanotubes

define a nanotube as tubular structures with a diameter of nanometer order.

Carbon nanotubes are an allotrope of carbon, like diamond, graphite or fullerenes. Its structure can be seen from a graphite sheet rolled on itself. Depending on the degree of curl (flexibility), and how original the film is formed, the result can lead to nanotubes with different diameters and internal geometry.

researcher Sumio Iijima, who discovered carbon nanotubes in 1991-which is why it has been awarded the Prince of Asturias Award of Science and Technology 2008 - noted that nanotechnology may help develop more efficient devices that can consume between 10 and 20 times less than current equipment, ie, saving between 90% and 95 %, which will result in a large decrease in emissions of carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere. Below

give an application of interest in carbon nanotubes:

adsorbents

As carbon nanotubes have high surface area, pore structure and layered is ideal for storing various items and chemicals.
Recent studies nanotubes have been adsorbents: nicotine and tar in cigarette smoke, reactive dyes, volatile organic compounds (n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-cyclohexane, benzene, trichlorethylene), microcystins, divalent metal ions and water Trihalomethanes (CHCl3, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3).

Removal of heavy metals: Among the toxic metal ion adsorbents (activated carbon, zeolite, bio-resins, among others) researchers are interested in carbon nanotubes due to their high adsorption capacity. In studies, nanotubes have shown great potential in adsorption, its future applications projected in the care of the environment in removing toxic ions from the process wastewater industriales.14
To improve the efficiency of adsorption, the nanotubes are subjected to prior oxidation. The oxidation was done with solutions of various chemical agents such as KMnO4, HNO3, NaOCl, HCl, H2SO4, O3 or H2O2, they increase the number of functional groups containing oxygen (C = O, COOH, OH) and an increasing burden surface negative. The oxygen atoms increase the ion exchange capacity.

uses carbon nanotubes


2. Nanosponges: sustainable development alternative

When more than 30 years ago the economist Fritz Schumacher coined the phrase "small is beautiful", it was with the hope of boosting the "intermediate technologies", which use skills, knowledge and local materials, rather than high-tech solutions to solve the problems of the poor.

However, in recent times the phrase has acquired a different meaning, as scientists and engineers began to develop nanotechnology - processes that control matter at the atomic or molecular scale - and showed that this field can also promote the development sustainable.

In nanotechnology, there is no area more promising than the water treatment. Nanofiltration techniques and nanoparticles can reduce or eliminate pollutants and contribute to achieving Millennium Development Goal Key: halving the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015.

nanosponges development that absorb water and trap impurities stands as an example of how you might solve the problems of water purification by means of nanotechnology in countries like South Africa, if they overcome the difficulties associated with testing and marketing.

There are those who are similar to frames; others, countless cups of tea, each has just one billionth of a meter wide. But when it comes to name them, do not hesitate to call nanosponges.

This topic should be of interest to the Peruvian authorities and why not all countries, since it is cutting edge biotechnology, easy to apply and very economical.
The idea is that you can fasten with clamps to a water source, is the kitchen faucet or pipe that carries liquid to a power plant, and they absorb the fluid, trapping the impurities in a multitude of tiny cavities , while letting the pure water.

course, South Africa hopes to resolve their problems nanosponges to purify water where conventional treatments are insufficient, from clean water to all people to decontaminate the cooling systems to prevent rotting plant turbines. However, we still do not know for sure if nanosponges fulfill their promise, both technically and economically, they still have shortcomings, and its production is expensive.


A great utility of sponges is clean up spills, and there is great interest in manufacturing microscopic structures that have the ability to selectively absorb certain substances. A group of researchers just published in Nature Nanotechnology a technique for making nanosponges (structures of a size about one millionth of a millimeter). The procedure involves coating a tangled structure of manganese oxide nanowires with a layer of silicone to make it hydrophobic, ie water-repellent.

These sponges are sheets whose microstructure in the form of nanowires is able to absorb oils (up to twenty times its own weight), separating the water through a combination of capillarity and superhydrophobic. The material can be regenerated and reused for many cycles, and apparently the large-scale preparation is quite feasible.

is no doubt that one of the possible applications has to do with cleaning up oil spills and the like. Could be useful in the separation of mixtures of solvents, due to its selectivity.


3. Photosystem 1: natural energetic
cell
Plants generally possess the quality to capture solar energy through a series of pigments that comprise the photosystem 1, if we think a little key to new energy sources speaking at the nanoscale have all those molecules that comprise the photosystem 1 by an extraction of these and a manipulation of its components through nanotechnology could have new energy resources more efficient, less polluting, we benefit not only economically but also in terms of environmental preservation, then give the operating mechanism of photosystem 1 (solar energy collection): How
captured the light energy?

The light energy is captured by photosynthetic pigments located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. When a photon impact on photosynthetic pigment, an electron moves to a higher energy level. The pigment excited state can return to its original three ways:
- Losing extra energy as light and heat (fluorescence).

- Using a resonance energy transfer, in which the power (but not the electron) moves from one pigment to another.

- by oxidation of the pigment, the loss of high-energy electron that is captured by an electron carrier.
The most important photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs violet, blue and red and reflects green.
All photosynthetic pigments are grouped into photosystems, hypothetically, we can imagine the shape of a funnel. Can be of two types: photosystem I (maximum absorption 700 nm) and photosystem II (with an absorption maximum 680 nm).

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Determination of microalgal biomass potential accumulation of lipids to obtain Fuel


While the interest in obtaining oil from plant organisms past century and stems from the need of an emerging industrial development of the time, now what are you looking for clean renewable energy and maintain an ecological balance that involves the knowledge and resource management to be used for this purpose.

Within this context, the IMARPE, scientific organization dedicated to the study of aquatic environment in all its magnitude, opted for this and he concentrated his research on algal powder obtained from the cultivation of micro algae in order to exploit its biotechnological potential.


The aim of this study is to obtain the chemical profile of microalgal biomass potentially accumulating lipid compounds for the production of fuel, may well determine the feasibility of large-scale oil production from microalgae cultures.

The first results were the implementation and the various laboratory equipment used in the project development.

The second stage is the production of algal powder room called the Greenhouse, the production, still experimental, reported an average of 200g per harvest algal powder.

The third stage is focused on the biochemical analysis profile lipid to determine the quality and quantity of oil obtained. Carla Aguilar


Samanamud,
Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory of Aquaculture Research Division, Coastal and Inland Water Management
Instituto del Mar del Peru: IMARPE La Punta, Callao, Lima - Peru
Tel: 00-511-625-0800 ( 899, 840), Email: caguilar@imarpe.gob.pe

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A green process: Ibuprofen

not always meet the twelve principles in most real world applications, but provide a laudable goal to try to get it to stop and can make chemists think more carefully about the environmental implications of their work. Success stories already taking place and more are in progress. Now there are about 7 million pounds per year of ibuprofen (6 billion tablets!) Through a process "GREEN" which produces about 99% less waste than the process it replaces. Only requires three steps, the solvent anhydrous HF used in the first step, is recovered and reused, and the second and third steps are catalytic:


GREEN PROCESS FOR IBUPROFEN





Thanks for your feedback, good to your order, try on ibuprofen:

Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for symptomatic relief of headache (migraine), toothache (dental pain), muscle pain (myalgia), upset menstruation (dysmenorrhea), mild neurological pain, fever and pain after surgery (postoperative). It is also used to treat inflammatory conditions, such as those presented in arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gouty arthritis. Usually the recommended adult daily dose is about 1,200 mg per day, depending on the severity of the disorder and discomfort of the patient, but should not exceed 2,400 mg daily.
Ibuprofen, like other derivatives of 2-arilpropionato (including ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, etc.) contains a chiral carbon in α position of the propionate:

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The twelve principles of Green Chemistry

1. It is better to prevent waste formation than trying to clean up after their formation.
2. The synthetic methods should be designed for maximum incorporation into the final product of all the materials used in the process.
3. To the extent possible, synthetic methodologies should be designed for the use and generation of materials with low human and environmental toxicity.
4. Chemicals should be designed that preserving the effectiveness of its role, present a low toxicity.
5. Auxiliary substances (solvents, separation agents, etc..) Should be unnecessary as far as possible and should at least be safe.
6. Energy needs must be considered in relation to their environmental and economic impacts minimized. Synthetic methods should be carried to term temperature and pressure.
7. The starting materials should be renewable and not sinking in to the extent that this technically and economically practicable. 8. Unnecessary training products (blocking group, protection / deprotection, temporary modification of processes physical / chemical) should be avoided whenever possible.
9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric.
10. The chemicals must be designed so that at the end of their function, not persist in the environment, but is fragmented into inert degradation products.
11. It must develop analytical methodologies that allow for real-time monitoring and control process prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
12. Substances and ways of its use in a chemical process should be chosen so that it is at least the possibility of accidents.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY TO THE RESCUE OF BIODIESEL

Biotechnology is the technique that uses living cells, tissue cultures or molecules derived from an organism to obtain or modify a product, improve a plant, animal or develop microorganisms for use with a specific purpose.
The emergence of new technologies like genetic engineering, and better knowledge of the agencies have allowed bacteria to produce medicines, improve crops and using microbes and plants to clean the environment. Currently the industry employs biotechnology areas as

Biopolymers
As is well known most of the objects we use in our daily lives are made of polymers, these are derived almost entirely from oil. These giant molecules are now a serious threat to nature, hence the current research focuses on the biodegradation and recycling of these products seems that we can not do without. At present, progress is being made in obtaining biodegradable polymers, as these are derived from plants, microorganisms and even some animals (such as spiders).
As we have seen things in this world have had their time, it takes more or less time to degrade one way or another. One way is biodegradation, which is when something is undone by living organisms (mainly bacteria).
The ability of some materials to return to the earth by the action of nature is what is called biodegradation. The term is related to ecology, waste management, and most of all when it comes to plastic, because they take hundreds of years to decompose.
In the process of biodegradation of some chemicals (organic waste, paper, etc.) can be used as food by microorganisms, that used to produce energy and to create other substances such as amino acids, new fabrics and new organisms. The organic material could be degraded aerobically, with oxygen (air), or anaerobically, without oxygen (somewhat buried). Today many things are made with biodegradable agents, as with detergents.
The biodegradable plastics made from corn starch or wheat are being made currently on an industrial scale and used, for example, waste bags. The degradation of these plastics require a period of six to twenty four months, underground or in water, according to the rate addition of starch. Now a company called Metabolix has developed a nickname Mirel biodegradable plastic.
The Mirel is degraded in the soil, the ocean and on land subject to flooding, so it can biodegrade almost anywhere. We had seen an invention of degradable plastics in salt water, but this Mirel is much better to break down anywhere
Similarly, plastics manufactured from compressed fiber rye or completely biodegradable plastic substitutes for derivatives oil. One of them, based on rye starch, is in the form of granular materials for food manufacturing.
Moreover, in the field agriculture, biodegradable materials also offer distinct advantages. Biodegradable materials, after being recycled, incinerated and compounds, byproducts such as water, carbon dioxide or methane, with the possible production of new biomass is not toxic to the environment. These materials are mixed with other elements can obtain fermentable compound fertilizers.
What we have to mention is that biotechnology helped in its first applications to clean the waste water followed by purification of air and waste gases using biofilters.
Biofilters have a matrix (material that supports and lets the air flow try) and microorganisms. These microorganisms cause pollution to be retained, stored or destroyed. The organic material acts as a catalyst on a reduced scale.
Living systems used to degrade the contamination can reproduce naturally. In addition, they are much cheaper and obviously have less impact on the environment than chemical based.
A biofilter uses moist organic materials to absorb and degrade odorous compounds. The material, cool and damp process air is injected through a grid of perforated pipe in a filter bed. The materials used for construction of biofilters are compost, peat, wood chips and bark, sometimes mixed with biologically inert materials such as gravel, to maintain adequate porosity and are maintained at adequate moisture for microbial growth occurs.
Biofiltration of gaseous effluents is defined as a biological process used to control or treatment of volatile organic and inorganic compounds present in the gas phase. In biofiltration, microorganisms are responsible for biological degradation of volatile pollutants contained in polluted air streams.
During the biofiltration process, the air passes through the pores of the filter material that supports growing bacteria. The degradation of pollutants occurs after transfer from air into a liquid medium where it is used as carbon and energy source (organic compounds) or as an energy source (inorganic compounds). Production involves the use of biomass and total or partial oxidation of the contaminant. Thus, biofiltration processes lead to complete decomposition of pollutants, creating hazardous products.

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ENVIRONMENT

What is Biodiesel?
is a fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats suitable as a partial or total substituent diesel, no conversions are necessary, adjustments or special regulations of the engine. Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils that works in any diesel engine.



Where does the earth will come
necessary for the production of biofuels?
This is a big question to be answered has to take into account CO2 emissions, we try to make comparisons that allow us to make the right decisions
The conversion of grasslands to corn emits 93 times the amount of carbon saved with the use ethanol instead of gasoline in a year.

Conversion tropical forests emits soy
319 times the amount of carbon saved with the use of biodiesel instead of petro-diesel in a year.

purpose being to use land forgotten crop because if it does not contribute to CO2 emissions rather than decrease.

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Introduction to the use of alternative fuels: biodiesel

Man by nature is an individual contributor to the process of contamination, which has increased dramatically in our times: the destruction of thousands of hectares of forests, contamination of the aqueous media because indutrial activity, the destruction of the UV filter, the ozone layer and finally treat the problem "The reduction of toxic gas emissions through alternative fuels in the combustion process." Today

has increased fuel consumption, which are extracted in large quantities of oil through processes such as distillation, catalytic cracking, refining, etc, because these processes get petrodiesel, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained by distillation fractional oil between 250 ° C and 350 ° C at atmospheric pressure . Diesel (petrodiesel) is easier to refine the gasoline and often costs less. On the contrary, have greater amounts of mineral compounds and sulfur .

Everything seems to indicate that consumption of these fuels is uncomplicated, but the benefits beyond short-term causes, are the damage to the environment, gases that seem of little importance as CO, CO2, SO2, NOx result in deterioration in quality of life in the world, it is necessary to offset these emissions by promoting the use of alternative combuestibles as biodiesel.

The Biodiesel is a biofuel synthetic liquid obtained from fats natural vegetable oils or animal fats, with or without prior use, by industrial processes esterification and transesterification , and applied in the preparation of total or partial replacement of petrodiesel or diesel obtained from oil.

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SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry of the twentieth century changed the world, giving us new drugs, insecticides, adhesives, textiles, dyes, building materials, composites and all types of polymers. But these achievements did not come without a cost: any chemical process produces waste that must be addressed, including the reaction solvents and toxic byproducts in the water can evaporate or seep into groundwater, but are disposed of properly. Even seemingly harmless byproducts, should be buried or securely otherwise isolated. As always, there is no such thing as a free lunch, with the good also comes the bad.
may never be possible to make organic chemistry is completely benign, but the knowledge that the environmental problems caused by various chemical processes have increased dramatically in recent years has resulted in the movement known as sustainable chemistry or Green Chemistry, which is the design and implementation of products and processes that reduce waste and try to eliminate the generation of hazardous substances
The need to reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemicals so as to prevent chemical pollution puts before a major change both in the way of facing and solving problems in their training.

collaboration between the world of industry and academia is essential to achieve the introduction of green products on the market. For this collaboration to be successful must be very flexible because they must work together people from traditionally targets whose structures were different. Incumbent on governments to create mechanisms to facilitate this interaction through the enactment of appropriate legislation. Neither

strategies preventive or design of environmentally benign chemicals are a universal panacea and will not solve all global environmental problems. Neither apply in all cases. But to the extent in which they are becoming a way of thinking man's relationship with its environment will contribute significantly to improving the quality of life of the man himself.

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A concept that is fashionable for some years is the "development sustainable or sustainable ", this concept involves different fields: environmental, social, economic, food, etc.. Local development policies, regional and national levels in our country are focusing, albeit slow way still, to this concept more than anything environmentally. But what do we mean by sustainable development? Sustainable development can be defined as "development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This definition was first used in the 1987 World Environment Commission of the UN, created in 1983. According

This approach to sustainable development have to get at once:
satisfy present needs, promoting economic activity to provide necessary goods to the entire world population. The Commission highlighted "the basic needs of the world's poor, who should be given priority attention."

meet future needs, while minimizing the negative effects of economic activity in both resource consumption and waste generation in such a way that is borne by future generations. When our action is inevitable future costs (eg exploitation of nonrenewable mineral) must find ways to offset fully the negative impact that is occurring (eg developing new technologies to replace the resource spent)


features of sustainable development-

The characteristics required of a development for sustainable that we can consider are:

-Find a way to keep economic activity or enhance the environmental system.
-Ensures that economic activity will improve the quality of life for everyone, not just a select few.
-Use resources efficiently.
-up promotes recycling and reuse.
-puts his trust in the development and deployment of clean technologies.
-Restore damaged ecosystems.
regional self-promotes
-Recognizes the importance of nature for human welfare

Sustainable development is a comprehensive approach to management of environmental resources, economic and social long-term. In simple terms means changing the way of making decisions so that it includes the identification and evaluation of economic, social and environmental assessment based on this information long-term sustainability.

To implement this type of strategy is necessary that all actors (government, community and businesses) work together. The current world situation shows that despite all the publicity being given to the concept few people really understand what it means and how it applies to environmental work and everyday life.

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